Sociological Concepts Helping Understand Obesity Health And Social Care Essay

This essay will look at sociological constructs and concerns that can assist in understanding why fleshiness is a public wellness job. I will get down by giving a definition of fleshiness, and so turn to the public wellness concerns of fleshiness in relation to sociological constructs such as socioeconomic position, ethnicity and stigma. I will do mention to fleshiness wellness inequalities throughout this essay. Relevant modern-day literature and policies will be used to back up my statements.BackgroundFleshiness is defined as inordinate fat accretion that may impair wellness universe Health Organisation ( WHO ) . Body mass index ( BMI ) is a step of weight-for-height that is normally used in sorting fleshiness in persons. It is defined as the weight in kgs divided by the square of the tallness in metres ( kg/m2 ) . BMI provides the most utile population-level step of fleshiness as it is the same for both sexes and for all ages of grownups ( Doak et al 2002 ) . In existent figures t he World Health Organization ( WHO ) defines â€Å" fleshy † as a BMI equal to or more than 25, and â€Å" fleshiness † as a BMI equal to or more than 30. These cut-off points supply a benchmark for single appraisal, but there is grounds that hazard of chronic disease in the populations ‘ additions increasingly from a BMI of 21. Ellaway et Al ( 2005 ) argues nevertheless that ( BMI ) should be considered as a unsmooth usher because it may non match to the same grade in different persons. In 2004, the mean organic structure mass index ( BMI ) of work forces and adult females in the United Kingdom was 27kg/mA? , which is outside the World Health Organisation recommended healthy scope of 18.5-25kg/m2 ( Lobstein & A ; Jackson-Leach 2007 ) . A greater proportion of work forces than adult females ( 42 % compared with 32 % ) in England were classified as corpulence in 2008 ( BMI 25 to less than 30kg/m2 ) . Thirty-nine per cent of grownups had a raised waist perimeter in 2008 compared to 23 % in 1993. Womans were more likely than work forces ( 44 % and 34 % severally ) to hold a raised waist perimeter ( over 88cm for adult females and over 102 centimeters for work forces ) ( Department of Health, 2008 ) . Several authorities paperss have emphasised the fact that fleshiness is a major public wellness job due to its association with serious chronic diseases such as type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure high degrees of fats in the blood that can take to contracting and obstructions of blood vass, which are all major hazard factors for cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular related mortality in England and Wales ( National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence ( NICE ) , 2006 ) . Over weight persons suffer from a figure of jobs, such as an increased wear and rupture on articulations and the psychological and societal troubles caused by altered organic structure image and stigma such as depression which in bend increases the wellness load of the National Health Service ( NHS ) Graham ( 2004 ) . The addition in Numberss of corpulent people means that the population is at a higher hazard of enduring from co-morbidities as a consequence of their weight addition. Many authors have made a nexus between people with high BMI and wellness for case, people with high BMI are likely to endure from high blood pressure and twice every bit likely to endure from type- two diabetes and fleshiness compared to people without high blood pressure, and half are insulin-resistant ( Lobstein & A ; Jackson-Leach 2007 ) . One can therefore infer that fleshiness is linked with increased mortality and contributes to a broad scope of conditions, including ischemic bosom disease, high blood pressure, shot, certain malignant neoplastic diseases, and gall vesica diseases. Hazard of disease grows with increasing BMI and is peculiarly marked at high BMI ( Ellaway et al 1997 ) . Consequently this is a public wellness concern because in economic footings, a lowering of the rates of CVD, malignant neoplastic disease and shots would ensue in important decreases in the sum spent on drugs and societal attention required to pull off these diseases and their effects ( Ellaway et al 1997 ) .Socioeconomic Status and ObesitySocioeconomic inequality in fleshiness is defined as differences in the prevalence of fleshiness between people of higher and lower socioeconomic position ( Mackenbach and Kunst 1994 ) . A big organic structure of grounds suggests that socioeconomic differences in fleshiness exist throughout the universe Sobal and Stunkard ( 1989 ) . These findings suggest that the addition in inequality in income late observed in many states including Bulgaria, Poland, Romania and the Russia may be associated with an addition in the load of fleshiness. Midtown Manhattan Study was one of the first to foreground socioeconomic differences in fleshiness ; it found that fleshiness was six times more prevailing among adult females of lower socioeconomic position than those of higher socioeconomic position ( Mackenbach and Kunst 1994 ) . James et Al ( 1997 ) found that people in high socioeconomic position in the United Kingdom, have a reduced hazard of fleshiness compared to those with low socioeconomic position. Socioeconomic position and fleshiness is a public wellness concern because among kids and grownups in high-income states such as the United Kingdom, lower instruction degree and socioeconomic position have been associated with different markers of hapless diet potentially associated with fleshiness, including lower ingestion of fresh fruit and veggies and higher consumption of sugar, fat and meat ( Northstone and Emmett 2005 ) . Mulvihill ( 2003 ) asserts that population groups ‘ dietetic picks of are frequently related to socioeconomic considerations. McKee and Raine ( 2005 ) suggest that major factors act uponing nutrient picks include affordability, handiness, handiness, attraction, rightness and practicality. This makes sense to me in that people of low socioeconomic position are likely to be corpulent because for them they can non ever afford to purchase fresh fruits veggies have gym rank as this is expensive. Some advocates have gone every bit far as stating that the hapl ess do non eat what they want, or what they know they should eat, but what they can afford ( Wardle and Griffith 2001 ) . One could deduce that the cost of nutrient is one barrier to following healthier diets, particularly among low-income families. Surveies have suggested that high energy nutrient which are normally nutritionally hapless because of high sums of added sugar and fat are comparatively cheaper cost than thin meat, fish, fresh veggies and fruit ( Doak et al 2002 ) . On the other side of the coin theoretically one can reason that it non merely diet and wellness and affordability of nutrient that makes people corpulent, for case for argument interest one could non afford to purchase healthy nutrient but can exert take up a activity to maintain themselves fit. The world nevertheless is that people low socioeconomic position are likely to be in low income employment where they are likely to work long hours in overtime and hold small clip with their households or for leisure activities ( Scambler 2008 ) This is consistent with McKee and Raine ( 2005 ) happening that persons from low socioeconomic position make personal other picks over diet, physical activity and other wellness advancing action, in pattern all actions happen in context disadvantaged persons face structural, societal, organizational, fiscal and other restraints in doing healthy picks. In add-on McLaren and Godley ( 2008 ) observed that work forces in sedentary occupations although one would presume that nature of these occupations that drives the larger mean organic structure size ( due to miss of occupation-based physical activity ) bing literature would bespeak that they are still more likely than their lower position opposite numbers to prosecute in physical activity in their leisure clip. Other sociological concerns sing socioeconomic position is whether they are any fluctuations in how persons with different socioeconomic position perceive fleshiness or corpulence. For case, analyses from the Office of National Statistics ( ONS ) ( 1999 ) study showed that many respondents with lower socioeconomic position tended to hold lower degrees of sensed corpulence, therefore persons monitor their weight less closely, were less likely to be seeking to lose weight and less often used restrictive dietetic patterns than those with higher socioeconomic position, after seting for sex, age and BMI. Wardle and Griffith ( 2001 ) found that, adult females populating in extremely flush vicinities were more likely to be dissatisfied with their weight than adult females from deprived vicinities. Womans, peculiarly those in deprived state of affairss, face structural, societal, organizational, fiscal and other restraints in doing healthy picks. Second poorer vicinities provide fewer chance constructions for wellness promoting activities than more flush countries ( Ellaway et al 1997 ) . These findings make it really hard for professional to make up one's mind how to aim wellness publicity activities. Ellaway et Al ( 1997 ) argues that people who low socioeconomic position focal point on the basic issues of endurance, whether these be fiscal including buying nutrient at all, allow entirely healthy beginnings or societal including combating the stigma of poorness and/or corpulence and all that is related to it. In my position this suggests that it may be plausible to reason that where person lives what socioeconomic position they have and how much they earn can act upon his or her chances to set about wellness promoting activities which in bend may act upon organic structure size and form. Public wellness policies which aim to cut down the proportion of fleshy people in the population should be targeted in disadvantaged local countries, and their installations and comf ortss, every bit good as at persons ( Ellaway et al 1997 ) .Fleshiness and ethnicityA great trade of confusion surrounds the significance of ethnicity and in some instances this term is still being Inter-changeable with race ( Scambler 2007 ) . Ethnicity nevertheless embodies one or more of the undermentioned, shared beginnings or societal background ; shared civilization and traditions that are typical, maintained between coevalss, and lead to a sense of individuality and group ; and a common linguistic communication or spiritual tradition ( Bhopal 2009 ) . There is besides repeated grounds of societal disparities in the prevalence of fleshiness and corpulence. Datas from national studies paint a consistent image where adult females, persons of lower socio-economic place and minority racial/ethnic groups have the highest rates of fleshiness and corpulence ( Bhopal 1998 ) . Linkss have been made why disparities exist in the prevalence of fleshiness particularly among deprived cultural minority groups. Henderson and Kelly ( 2005 ) suggest that these disparities exists because of inequalities in the society they argue that people with more cognition, money, power, prestigiousness and good societal connexions are better able to command weight addition, either through the ability to do healthy nutrient picks ( by holding greater consciousness of, entree to, and resources to buy healthy nutrients ) , or through greater chances for exercising, and safe drama. I agree with this, in my position there is legion grounds to demo that cultural group s are disadvantaged in term of income, socioeconomic position and employment, the point above suggest to me that cultural minorities are less likely to hold money prestigiousness and societal connects that ( Henderson and Kelly 2005 ) suggest will take down the hazard of fleshiness. This position is supported by Sniderman et Al ( 2007 ) who found no disparities in prevalence of fleshiness among cultural groups when he factored in accommodations of socioeconomic position and income. Black cultural groups have a significantly higher hazard of fleshiness than those in Mixed, Asian, Other and White cultural groups ( Ellaway et al 1997 ) . Children life in disadvantaged countries have a higher hazard of fleshiness than those populating in less disadvantaged countries. However, the increased hazard associated with want is greatest for White kids, whereas it seems to hold much less of an consequence for black kids. For Asiatic, Other, and Mixed cultural kids want increases the hazard of fleshiness, but non every bit much as for White kids ( Ellaway et al 1997 ) . In my sentiment nevertheless the measurement of BMI to find and compare fleshiness between assorted cultural groups remains really â€Å" sketchy † . For illustration Sniderman et Al ( 2007 ) asserts that in assorted subdivisions of the population, the BMI categorization is non by and large applicable. For case in when looking at kids, the aged and when comparing cultural groups. Seidell and Visscher ( 2000 ) found that there were some systematic fluctuations in normal BMI across cultural groups in some Asiatic populations a peculiar BMI equates to a higher per centum of organic structure fat than for the same BMI in a white European population. In these Asiatic populations, the hazards of type II diabetes and cardiovascular disease addition at a BMI below the standard cut-off value of 25 kg/m2. In other populations, such as black populations, the opposite is true and a peculiar BMI corresponds to a lower per centum of organic structure fat and accordingly lower hazards of morbidity and mortality than in a white European population. When comparing fleshiness in different cultural groups. Seidell and Visscher ( 2000 ) suggest that utilizing a more different definition such as waist to hip ratio instead than standard BMI.Fleshiness and StigmaPhysical aberrance has been conceptualised as a â€Å" stigma † by Goffman ( 1963 ) defines as any property that i s profoundly discrediting to an person. In add-on to what he calls the abominations of the organic structure or the physical malformations, he lists the â€Å" tribal stigmas of race, faith, and societal category, and what he calls the defects of single character, such as mental unwellness, dependence, alcohol addiction, and homosexualism ( DeJong, 1980 ) . Goffman ( 1963 ) argues that persons who possess a spoilt individuality as a consequence of their stigma, the effects can be terrible, irrespective of the peculiar nature of the stigma. Although a spot utmost people with stigmatised conditions are viewed as non rather human and are capable to favoritism and straight-out rejection or turning away ( DeJong, 1980 ) . As a consequence, the stigmatised learn to continually supervise their self-presentation and to consciously invent schemes of interaction. In malice of those attempts, nevertheless, a stigma can go on to irrupt itself into the interaction, and its owners may come to ex perience that their individuality is purely defined in footings of it ( DeJong, 1980 ) . On the other manus all the above authors fail to name fleshiness among the physical stigmata. There is a certain sarcasm in that fact, for some have argued that the corpulent are capable to a peculiarly terrible grade of ridicule, humiliation, and favoritism. I would reason that possibly Goffman ( 1963 ) and ( DeJong, 1980 ) did non include fleshiness as in that clip being corpulent held different stature in the society than it does now, for illustration wealth and physical nowadayss. Second I would deduce that research into the links of fleshiness and wellness were non widely publicised as they do now. Some Scambler ( 2008 ) takes a functionalists view that those who possess certain damaged conditions that result in stigma have acquired their pervert position through the committee of aberrant Acts of the Apostless. In this twenty-four hours and age fleshiness is seen by some as a damaged status, this usually consequences in thoughts that corpulent people are responsible for their status, in other words they have put themselves in that status. DeJong ( 1980 ) agrees with this impression that people that possess stigmatising conditions are about ever seen as holding duty for geting and commanding their pervert position. Wright ( 1960 ) contrasts this by emphasizing that persons with a physical stigma are non normally held personally responsible for their status. However in footings of fleshiness this works both ways the familial constituent that the stigmatised person has no control or duty no affair how much dieting and exercising he or she does, and the ego inflicted person who is seen to stuff themselves with fatty nutrients. Wright ( 1960 ) suggests that most physical properties of the organic structure are viewed as determined by familial and environmental forces beyond an person ‘s personal control. Quintessentially in the instance of fleshiness observations have often been noted to be highly negative toward the corpulent, this seems to originate from the belief that fleshiness is caused by ego indulgence, gluttony, or indolence. In short, the corpulent do look to be held personally responsible for their physical status ( DeJong, 1980 ) . Corpulent persons are normally blamed for their extra weight, are socially disliked, and are the marks of permeant negative stereotypes such as holding a deficiency of self-denial ( Puhl and Brownell 2001 ) . Corpulent people are extremely stigmatised and face different signifiers of favoritism and bias because of their weight ( Brownell et al 2005 ) . Stigma and fleshiness is a public wellness concern as Puhl and Brownell ( 2001 ) found that health-care professionals ( doctors, nurses, psychologists, and medical pupils ) possess negative attitudes toward corpulent people. They suggest that corpulent people are non merely stigmatised by the society but by the wellness professional that are meant to present aid to them. A survey of British health care professionals found that suppliers perceived fleshy people to hold reduced self-esteem, sexual attraction, and wellness. Healthcare professionals believed that physical inaction, gorging, nutrient dependence, and personality features were the most of import causes of corpulence ( Puhl and Brownell 2001 ) . Attitudes corpulent people amongst healthcare professionals is a major public wellness concern in that it sometimes influences how this group excess wellness given the fact that they are a high hazard population in footings of more prevalence to a figure of physical wellness issues. Puhl and Heuer ( 2009 ) found that corpulent patients who experience stigma in health-care scenes may detain or waive indispensable preventative attention. Mitchell et Al ( 2008 ) discovered in their survey that corpulent persons are less likely to undergo showings for chest, cervical, and colorectal malignant neoplastic disease for adult females with a BMI greater than 55 kg/m2, 68 % reported that they delayed seeking wellness attention because of their weight, and 83 % reported that their weight was a barrier to acquiring appropriate wellness attention. When asked about specific grounds for detaining attention, adult females reported disrespectful intervention and negative attitudes from wellness profes sionals, embarrassment about being weighed, having unasked advice to lose weight, and gowns, exam tabular arraies, and other equipment being excessively little to be functional. Removing the stigma-related barriers to having showings may assist to decrease the relationship between extra organic structure weight and mortalities ( Mitchell et al 2008 ) . Puhl and Heuer ( 2009 ) argues that and I am convinced by their position that disapproval by the society leaves fleshy and corpulent persons vulnerable to societal unfairness, unjust intervention, and impaired quality of life as a consequence of significant disadvantages and stigma. Crawley ( 2004 ) found in his survey that among females, a negative correlativity between organic structure weight and rewards. He argues the account is that fleshiness lowers rewards ; for illustration, by take downing productiveness or because of work placed favoritism, secondly is that low rewards cause fleshiness.DecisionWhere person lives what socioeconomic position they have and how much they earn can act upon the picks they make about their wellness. Cultural disparities in the prevalence of fleshiness still exist in the United Kingdom. Sociological constructs can help us in understanding how to cover with fleshiness given known nexus between hapless diets during gestation is a hazard factor for lo w birth weight, which in bend has been associated with abdominal fleshiness in maturity Crawley ( 2004 ) .

My Ideal Teacher Essay

In my college thise are many teachiss. Each one teaches us different subjects. Although all of them are fairly good, thise is one teachis whom I love and admire the most. his name is MR. ali. he is the most pleasing personality that I have ever come across. he is an ideal teachis. he has all those qualities which a good teachis is expected to have. Mrs. Ali is a science teachis. he loves the subject that he teaches and has an in-depth knowledge of it too. he teaches science almost as though it were a hobby class. he does not adopt the old methods of teaching. In fact we even forget at times that he is teaching us from our text books. Science comes alive in MR. ali’s class. When he teaches, no one talks about anything but the topic that he discusses. he has the ability to draw out attention to the subject and also to sustain it. he conducts various experiments in the class and demonstrates them thus making it much easier for us to understand what he teaches. he does not merely read from the book but gives us a concrete picture of everything, so that we see them before us. Although his subject is science, MR. ali has a good knowledge of othis subjects also. he is well versed with all the current affairs of the world and he often links what we are studying to something that may have been taught somewhise else in the world. he encourages us to ask questions so that we may be able to understand the subject well. he never loses patience with those students who take long to grasp the subject. MR. ali gives personal attention to all the students. If, by chance, any student tries to play the fool in his class, he is firm and does not allow that to happen. he is a great combination of kindness and strictness. he encourages the students to ask each othis and his anything with regard to the subject so that a healthy discussion generates new ideas and increases our curiosity about the subject.- he is very popular, but he is not conceited. he is courteous to his colleagues and the principal of the college. I have never seen his frown or lose his temper. he remains calm even when thise is a crisis of any kind. he makes me love going to college. I always look forward to my science period. he is an ideal teachis and provides the students with a good role model. I love his the most and hope to be like his one day

Why I Want a Wife Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 6

Why I Want a Wife - Essay Example The written composition of Judy Brady sheds light on how the role of â€Å"Wife† was viewed in the society and what were the main expectations from her. The description of duties and tasks expected of her; make her role unbelievingly intricate and tiresome. Yet, her financial dependency makes her more vulnerable despite her input in the family rearing. Despite these presumptions, Women played a significant role in domestic and social reforms to nurture society and their children persistently. Judy Brady’s â€Å"I want a wife† is a vivid example of how feminism was surging in the nineteenth century and how women realized their place and position in the social life. Judy Brady in her open letter wishes to earn a wife herself. The â€Å"Wife† is a key idea here, who is a solution for all her hectic responsibilities of a personal, professional and social life. The author claims that a husband expects to achieve his professional and family life achievements on the bases of his wife’s contribution. He relies on her thoroughly and expects complete support and submission from her whether it’s moral or physical (in terms of Children and domestic responsibilities). Simultaneously, from another perspective, the stated lines have been desires of a â€Å"Dependent Wife† to become financially self-sufficient, so to support herself and her family with the help of her higher degree. The regret of leaving school to earn a good degree is evident and the author claims that with the degree she could earn her freedom (economic stability). She is keen to go out of her house-life to learn and earn. She regards the idea of freedom (carefree life of a breadwinner) and also desires to earn a caretaker (like her husband), who could perform the job of a wife and a mother, while she could pursue her desired endeavors.  

Research Project Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Project - Research Paper Example However, research has shown that local members of the community are not benefiting much from the resources that are mined in their area. It has also been found that the working conditions of the employees are not favourable since the mine has been recently hit by a spate of strikes over pay issues. It has also been found that people who were protesting over improved working conditions were harshly treated and 34 lost their lives after the police opened fire on the protestors. In principle, organizations that extract natural resources in different places should plough back to the members of the community. It has been recommended that the company involved in this case should make efforts to empower the employees in particular so that they can also directly benefit from the natural resources that are obtained from their areas. This can be done through increasing their wages as well as creating community share trusts. This action is designed to fulfil the corporate social responsibility (CSR) concerns of the company. Overview of the topic In most cases, natural resources like minerals are exploited for various reasons. Minerals contribute towards economic growth and development if they are sold to other countries. Through exploitation of mineral resources in a particular area or country, employment is created and the welfare of the people is likely to be improved. There are many benefits that can be derived from extracting natural resources in a certain area. Development of infrastructure can also be promoted if a natural resource that is of commercial value is being mined in a particular area. Essentially, informed companies should make an effort to ensure that their activities also positively contribute to the growth and development of the areas they would be operating in. This can also help to create trust among the local members since they would stand to benefit from the wealth obtained from their backyard. However, this is not the case in some places that are rich in mineral resources since the people living around the area where the minerals are being mined live in abject poverty. This is in stark contrast to minerals millions of dollars extracted in these people’s background but they do not benefit from these resources. This is ironical because local residents in the communities where the precious minerals are mined are poor and they do not directly benefit from the wealth extracted from their backgrounds. This calls for organizations involved in this business to be more accountable and socially responsible for their activities. Essentially, the concept of â€Å"CSR maintains that businesses are part of the larger society in which they exist and are accountable to the society for their operations,† (Strydom, 2004 p.11). This means that organisations should strike a fine balance between the needs and interests of customers, needs of the environment and the need for businesses to realise their financial goals. This goes han d in hand with the concept of business ethics which tries to make a distinction between something that is morally good from bad (1994). Apart from inequalities in the distribution of wealth obtained from extraction of natural resources in a particular area, it can be seen that the local community members are also exposed to dangers such as environmental pollution that are directly caused by the activities of the company extracting the

Walking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Walking - Essay Example It is a well-known fact that walking has many advantages. It indicates that walking session of at least 30 minutes is essential for a good health if the person adopts an appropriate walking posture then he is at lower risk of cancer, heart disease, anxiety and depression . But, it is sad that in some part of the world particular in United States people are no more pedestrians. With emergence of modern cars people prefer to travel more their luxuries car rather than spending some time in walking on their foot. Walking also strengths your joints and bone .According to Zivot (185) it was reported that in United States that there was a drastic decrease in rates of mortality which was 39 percent for the individuals who adopted walking as their regular habit. By walking the life expectancy of such diabetic patients increased greater but it is distressing that people in USA still ignore this fact. There are some electronic devices due to which people gave up walking, these mobile devices in clude treadmills. There are increase rates of road accidents this also contributes in declining the number of pedestrians the number of pedestrians have declined to 30% in downtown Los Angeles since 1961. According to National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) Assaily.JP(258) the rates of pedestrian accidents have increased in United States hence safety of pedestrian has become a burning issues these days. One of the reports of NHTSA showed that annually 4,100 pedestrians die in road accidents after every one or two hours, various rules should be formulated in order to provide safety to the pedestrians like designing zebra crossing and placing signals everywhere especially on all the busy roads like enforcing laws to limit. However, it is responsibility of pedestrians to take some protective measure too like they should pay full attention to roads while crossing it instead of being busy on a call as it diverts their

Personal Statement on Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Personal Statement on Ethics - Essay Example Division of ethical area is figured out by philosophers. Meta Ethics Meta Ethics explore the root of ethical principles and the message they convey. It highlights universal truth, strength of God and intention behind ethical decision. It includes emotions of an individual in certain situation (Vendemiati, 2004). Normative Ethics It comprises of good communication skills, responsibilities that we must follow and control our behavior in convenient manner. Normative Ethics are more towards practical solutions. Act which should be done and main reason behind it. To leave whatever defined as a wrong (Levinas, 1969). Applied Ethics It involves the investigation on limited controversial issues. Controversial issues like infanticide, abortion, environmental affairs, nuclear war, animal rights, capital punishment and homosexuality (Lyon, 1999). Personal Values I am a human being who prefers to behave in ethically and morally correct ways. Ethics are important to me. Evil thoughts may force on e to take wrong actions and hurt other. There are steps a person takes in life out of jealousy to reach some goal in life which is very important. People take ethically wrong steps basically when they want to achieve their desired goals and to do that they are willing to take any steps, positive or negative. I do not believe in short cuts. I believe in achieving my goals, through my own efforts and by following the right path. My belief is to serve humanity in every possible manner. I prefer to apply my knowledge and skills to contribute to the society and serve others. I believe that one should try to socialize and make friends. Obey laws to make this world a better place. Contribute peace, remain loyal, try to be honest as much as possible, work hard and help others, respect social rights of others. Keep the surroundings clean. Give liberty to others. Take suggestions from others before making decisions. Don’t impose orders. To me, following these above mentioned facts is f ollowing an ethically correct code in life. Differentiate right form wrong: It is human perception to define right and wrong. Something which is right for one is not correct for others. To me ethical values are created by social setup, religion and legal laws. First of all there are some aspects which are right for everyone like peace, friendship, love, truth, liberty, freedom, practical solutions and good deeds. Such aspects are considered as ethical intuition. Second thing we approach is our religion. As a student, I am interested in study of religions, and I have noted that almost all popular religions of the world preach humanity and ethical behavior. Consider Buddhism, enlightened awareness of Buddha is considered. Buddha was a peace loving human being and the religion he has preached also talks about equal rights and ethical conduct. These ethics includes no killing, lying, intoxicants, stealing, and sexual misconduct. In Christianity ethical values include love, mercy, grace and forgiveness. Forgiveness is important because humans commit sins (Fagothey, 2000). If we cannot forgive each other our grudges will not let us human beings behave ethically. In Islam ethical values are to follow the Allah and His prophet Muhammad (Peace Be upon Him). Muslims are accountable for every good and bad deed in the end of this world. Third thing is the law and

Innovation and New Product Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Innovation and New Product Development - Essay Example New Product Development is defined as; 'the processes involved in getting a new product or service to market. The traditional product development cycle, the stage-gate model, embraces the conception, generation, analysis, development, testing, marketing, and commercialization of new products or services.'[5] New product development and innovation are an integral part of many companies. This is because the reason the existence of a company is to satisfy the needs of the consumer. As long as unfulfilled needs exist in the market; the company must strive to satisfy those needs by the introduction of new products and services. This area of a company has recently acquired much limelight and attention. This is because of two reasons. Firstly, due to technological changes, products are fast becoming obsolete and new products are required to be developed in order to take their place. Secondly; it has become easy for companies to replicate a new product offering. This is how me too products have increased in the market. The only protection from this is continual innovation and a commitment to change. There are three distinct categories of new products. The first category includes products that are truly innovative and hence unique; such as the computer, telephone and the zipper. The second category includes replacements that are significantly different from existing products and services in form, benefits and features. Notable examples include digital camera and contact lenses. Lastly, the third category comprises imitative products which are new to a particular company but not new to the market. In certain cases a company may just want to offer a 'me too' product to the consumer.[14] A new product strategy identifies the role a product is intended to play in satisfying company and marketing goals. For example; a product may be launched to protect market share, to create a new category or attain a specific return on investment. It may also be launched to maintain the company's reputation for innovation or social responsibility. This is what the strategy was for General Motors when it launched the EV1 electric vehicle. ' Although the EV1 may have helped General Motors rebut criticism about not being environmentally sensitive, it failed with respect to achieving sufficient sales'[15] In general there are six stages of the product development process. The first stage consists of generating new product ideas. Therefore organizations must encourage creativity and breakthrough thinking in their employees. These ideas can be generated through a number of different ways. These include long-range studies; whereby information on market trends and the use of the Delphi technique is used to discover new ideas. Another source of innovative ideas is the customer. Therefore many innovations come from listening to the customer about their unfulfilled needs or refinement in existing products that they would like to see. Brainstorming, gap analysis and dissecting competitive products are other sources of new ideas [2]. Certain new developments for product innovation have resulted in specific tools to generate new product ideas. These include. Examples are of Attribute Listing, Morphological Analysis and Matrix Analysis. They entail first examining all the attributes of an exist ing product.  

Team-work Homework Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Team-work Homework - Assignment Example When the two companies do not advertise, both King and Babil Company will have a payoff of 150. This payoff is beneficial to the two companies compared to adverting process. In the domain strategy, the two companies that is King firm and Babil firm have a dominating choice of not advertising. Irrespective of the Babil decision, the King company will not take the risk of advertisement, lest King know the secret of the competitor. From the outcomes stipulated on the table, it is evident that high outcomes arise when the two companies decide not to advertise, independently. The two companies felt that rather than getting a payoff of 300 and 80 for their strategy, they feel it better to win 150 rather than making their products available to their public and their competitors. The best outcome for the dominant strategy is when King fails to advertisement, as well as Babil. In Nash equilibrium the two companies use the methods to predict the outcome of another company in the social arts. The payoff functions represent the firm’s preferences over the action profile of the company where the action profile of King and Babil will portray the list of actions. In this strategy, king will have an incentive in shying away from the advertisement after considering Babil options. Neither Babil not King shall have an incremental benefit of changing their motives. Under this strategy, just like other strategies discussed above, the nash equilibrium will be attained when the companies choose not to advertise their products. The outcome is illustrated as shown in the matrix

Managerial roles has changed last 5 years Essay

Managerial roles has changed last 5 years - Essay Example Technology has become the driving cause in organizational change and development. In order to preserve an organization's existence or to sustain its profitable growth, management must adopt and react to the changing world. Managerial roles evolved from traditional specific functions to a more cross-functional role and having cross-business knowledge with higher expectations from stakeholders and better performance in the organization. Today's information age organizations operate in an integrated and complex business processes that goes beyond traditional functions like manufacturing, purchasing, distribution and marketing (Kaplan & Norton 2001, Chapter 1). Technology has combined the specialization benefits from these functional skills with the speed, efficiency and quality of an integrated business processes. Andrew S. Grove, CEO of Intel, attributes much of his success to a terminology he called strategic inflection points. These are moments when massive change occurs in the company, the industrial environment they compete in, and the market they played at. Strategic inflection points are results of different factors, may it be, mega-competition, entry of a better substitute, or a change in technology. (Grove 1996, p. 126) There exist unrelenting pressures to managers these days. These managerial pressures may include compelling needs of organizations to become leaner, to be good citizens, and to grow profits at double-digit rates. Managers become navigators through these pressures and strategic inflection points that threaten their organization and turn them into positive forces to win in the marketplace and emerge stronger than ever. They stop being passive spectators and hesitant observers. As the organization changes to adopt to the forces of the market, the managerial role changes in order to adopt to the demands of the organization. The demand for change and innovation is enormous. Fiercer competition arises from traditional companies and brand new entrants while the boundaries of markets and industries are increasingly colliding. The demanding environment has created a shortage of skilled employees and knowledge workers. The changes also strain the relationships between employers and employees. People work at an organization as long as it is beneficial to them where there are still a lot of milk in the cow, so to speak. Once it no longer gave them the advantage, they move on to greener pastures, to fatter cows, to other companies. The traditional autocratic managers have become extinct. Managers nowadays value the importance of individual employees and are accountable in attracting and keeping good people.(Chopra 1999, p. 40) With these shortage of good workers, th e managers are enormously pressured to challenge their team to continuously improve and to stay on top of the competitive game. Effective managers go beyond managing change, they become champions of change, innovation and continuous improvement in the organization. The organization's survival and success depends on how management responds to change with the right value equation by coming up with original, creative and innovative solutions while being resourceful through taking what is available and making it

Medical Costs in the United States Research Paper

Medical Costs in the United States - Research Paper Example Healthcare costs are on the rise and there seems to be no way for these costs to stop without reform measures. The Problem with Healthcare Spending One problem with healthcare spending is that it is growing faster than the economy and everyone is affected by this change. Whether people use private insurance, Medicare or Medicaid, they will be affected in some way as healthcare costs continue to grow. (Myerson, Nelson, Simpson, and Topoleski (2007). This has put healthcare as a much talked about issue and it is both a social issue and an economic one. According to Healthcare Problems.org, in 2007 about 50 million Americans went without health insurance and about 25 million were considered underinsured. Between 2001 and 2005 health insurance premiums increased by 30% but people’s income only rose about three percent. Today, healthcare expenditures have increased to $2 trillion a year. Over the past four years, the number of people who are now underinsured has reached 60% which m eans that 25 million people are struggling to pay their healthcare bills (â€Å"Healthcare Statistics, â€Å" 2011). The highest rate of underinsured (31%) is in those Americans who make less than $20,000 a year. After doing an informal survey of people I know, many Americans agree that there should be some type of healthcare reform, but most people are not sure how this reform would take place and who would fund it. Employer Based Insurance When people look for a job one of the benefits they look for is health insurance. Many people feel that if the employer offers insurance they will be able to afford to have insurance. Unfortunately, employer supplied healthcare is also suffering because of the rising costs of healthcare. According to a report by Singhal, Stueland, and Ungerman (2011) the Affordable Healthcare Act has created more cost problems for employers and many have limited this benefit for their employees or stopped providing it all together. According to their report, b y 2014, employers will have to make drastic changes in the way they do healthcare. One of these drastic changes is that about 30% of employers will â€Å"probably† stop offering insurance to their employees after 2014 because of the expense. Singhal, Stueland and Ungerman (20010 surveyed employers and predict that if employers stop offering insurance, they may increase their revenues by at least 30%; this makes this option very attractive to employers who are struggling to provide healthcare. Singhal, Stueland, and Ungerman (2011) also state that because of the way that reform is stated, employers are able to limit their social obligation to their employees to offer insurance. The way in which the reform act is written, states that all employees must have some type of insurance, but they do not stipulate that employers have to provide it. The Act states that if the employer does not offer insurance, the individual can apply for â€Å"income-indexed premium and out-of-pocket cost-sharing subsidies† (Singhal, Stueland, and Ungerman, 2011, p.2). The law specifically states that employers with 50 or more employees must offer health insurance to all full time employees or face a fine of $2,000. They also must provide reasonable coverage to all their employees on a similar level. In other words,

6. “It Is More Important to Discover New Ways of Thinking Essay Example for Free

6. â€Å"It Is More Important to Discover New Ways of Thinking Essay Developing new ways of thinking about what we already know is very important as it helps us to develop a better understanding of that which we already know so to some extent the above statement is true. However it is as significant to discover new data or facts. In fact these two concepts go hand in hand; it is because of some discoveries that we knew when they first came to light that we have something we call existing knowledge to think about and sometimes it is through trying to develop new ways of thinking about a certain issue without a solution that we finally decide it is best to find a new explanation or concept of looking at it. A student who goes from lower to higher school both learns new and advanced ways of thinking about the information they have gathered in previous grades as well as some new data they have never come across before which further stresses that both concepts are important. We cannot learn everything at once nor can we know all sbout those things we know, which is why both developing what we already know and leaarning some new things are equally important. In some cases one may find that discussing and thinking about what we already know but in a new clearer way can help us reach a conclusion whereas if we had chosen to discover new facts about it instead, our horizon of confusion would have been broadened and we find ourselves with yet another mystery to solve. A good example of a case like this is death. Unless someone dies and comes back and tells us exactly what happens after death, no one can ever really know what happens. Any information we all have of life after death is based on assumptions that is if there is even life after death. Discovering new facts about the so called life after death isn’t but going to cause even more confusion, so really in my view I would say it is rather best that one sticks to the knowledge and believe they have over this issue, and if anything, find new ways of thinking about instead of creating yet another confusing phenomena based on assumptions. But such fields as Science motivate constant discovery of new knowledge because this is one area of knowledge where falsification is the only method used to prove the theories because we cannot verify, in other words prove a Scientific theory to be true in any way but we can pfove it fo be wrong. In this case it is clear then that in Science it is more important to discover new facts or data than to think about that which we already have as we need new discoveries to falsify old theories. However sometimes it may be thinking hard and deep into a scientific theory that makes one see fault in it as a result make new discoveries in which case both thinking of something in a new way and making new discoveries would have been equally important. We can for instance look into the famous example of the falsification of Newton’s theory of gravitation by Einstein’s theory of relativity. Einstein like all other Scientists of that time saw nothing wrong with Newton’s model until a crisis came when Newton’s theory of gravity failed to account for the behavior of light. Obviously this had to be a result of scientists thinking of new ways of applying Newton’s model. No one expected the negative outcome they came out with but it was negative and the Scientists were faced with a dilemma they had to solve. That it is when Einstein invented his theory of relativity, a whole new theory, which could work even for those discoveries that Newton’s model failed to. In any case, the point is to show that finding new ways to think of something can actually lead to the discovery of new information which in turn gives us something new to think about and in new ways if we please. Living only by developing things we already know would be depriving ourselves off so much knowledge. Had the people who lived before our generation decided they wanted to live only on what they knew, there would be so much we do not know. Generations like that of Newton or Einstein, generations like that of Priestley or Lavoisier who made discoveries about oxygen and those of people who learned the word of God and passed it on from generation to generation till the bible was written we would not have the knowledge we have today. And the knowledge does not end there and like the paradigm shifts suggest, there will always be new information, new theories and new ways of thinking as the world revolves that will override the current theories but should we decide to live only by the data that already exists, we may find that we are making experiments with 90% errors all the time.

Japan Approach To New Product Development Information Technology Essay

Japan Approach To New Product Development Information Technology Essay Japans manufacturing industry can be the largest industry that contributes in the Japanese economy. It is admired by the various researchers that the Japanese companies enable to target the aspects of corporate and research strengths. Through the use of the various technologies, which half maybe came from their land, the Japanese companies laid broader approach regarding the idea of product development. In general, Japanese approach to the product development has a large numbers of changes. For example, the automobile industry in Japan had radical steps such as the application of the concept of the fuel cells (Masaru and Kazuhiko, 2009). The organization has an aim to provide the quality solution by answering two of the biggest issues in the era of modernization the environmental destruction and the problem in the oil, gas, and other petroleum products. From this example the organization can have the full opportunity to be the first company that enables to incorporate the use of technology. But the drawback is the cost of the product that might be too expensive for the customers (Masaru and Kazuhiko, 2009). Japan has strength to set the flow of trend in the market and the high level of technology delivers the variety of strategies that can, however, minimize the appearance of the present problems. Japanese culture views technology as a tool for making marketable products (Takahiro and Joe, 1995). Production technology is central to such a view and has become a clear force in developing competitive advantage for Japans industrial giants. An effective vision of next-generation products combined with continuous product improvements provides the vision for upstream developments (Takahiro and Joe, 1995). Japans focus on production equipment and process improvements is directed towards designing for cost and manufacturability: that is, Japans focus is on designing processes to improve productivity, increase quality, and decrease cost; designing concurrent engineering methods to speed product introductions; developing software to implement and improve factory automation; and devising effective management methods related to all of the above (Takahiro and Joe, 1995). On the other hand, the UK has a responsibility in meeting their own set of standards based on the participating companies, research, and government organizations and then, latter develop their product (Sven Haake, et al., 2000). Again, the automobile manufacturing is the example that can be use. The approach of the UK in the product development was prioritized on various concerns such as addressing the organizations participation in terms of security. If the manufacturers followed the innovation of fuel cell, the assurance of the UKs framework should be also developed for the proper deployment. Such policies like the use of technologies, standards, codes, and infrastructures are the UKs gateway toward the evolution (Sven Haake, et al., 2000). Comparison of Product Improvement Techniques: The Japanese plants have continued to make improvements in terms of labour efficiency and still lead their UK counterparts, by a significant margin. Labour productivity in the UK plants has been more or less static (and actually shows a decline). Although on average production volumes in the plants in the two countries have risen, Japan has managed this with a much smaller increase in headcount than the UK plants, and without a major rationalization of product ranges (Masaru and Kazuhiko, 2009). Plants in the two countries have made significant progress in reducing the proportion of defective products that reach their customers (that is, the car makers, in the case of this study). Japan continues to lead the UK in quality performance by a margin of around 35 per cen. Given the sustained, and in some areas increasing, performance advantage of the Japanese plants, it is precisely in areas such as these that renewed interest should be taken (Masaru and Kazuhiko, 2009). The measures rele vant to the closeness of buyer supplier relations largely present a picture of continuity, rather than change, in Japan. The tight logistics symptomatic of close social relations between buyers and suppliers have if anything becomes tighter over the last seven years. Of course it may be that changes in the commercial relations between firms do not affect such operational details, though this would run counter to what has been the accepted wisdom through much of the 1980s and 1990s, namely that it is the very existence of tight social relations that permits and facilitates operational excellence (Takahiro and Joe, 1995). An alternative explanation is that changes in social relations are occurring, but that the lag inherent in any such changes is obscuring this. The economic problems experienced by Japan at a macroeconomic level should not distract from the continuing lessons that may be gleaned from operational assessments of Japanese manufacturers. In difficult circumstances, Japane se plants have continued to improve their operational performance. The concept of continuous improvement is one of the most significant components of the Japanese model of manufacturing; the evidence reported here suggests that this concept remains an enduring feature of Japanese manufacturers and it remains an area where Western manufacturers, especially UK, may have much to learn (Takahiro and Joe, 1995). Methods of Product Development: Below are two important methods that are used by Japanese companies: Prototyping: is the process of building a model of a system. In terms of an information system, prototypes are employed to help system designers build an information system that intuitive and easy to manipulate for end users. Prototyping is an iterative process that is part of the analysis phase of the systems development life cycle (Glenn, et al., 2008). During the requirements determination portion of the systems analysis phase, system analysts gather information about the organizations current procedures and business processes related the proposed information system. In addition, they study the current information system, if there is one, and conduct user interviews and collect documentation. This helps the analysts develop an initial set of system requirements (Glenn, et al., 2008). Prototyping can augment this process because it converts these basic, yet sometimes intangible, specifications into a tangible but limited working model of the desired information system. The user feedback gained from developing a physical system that the users can touch and see facilitates an evaluative response that the analyst can employ to modify existing requirements as well as developing new ones (Michael and Mitzi, 2000). Prototyping comes in many forms from low tech sketches or paper screens (Pictive) from which users and developers can paste controls and objects, to high tech operational systems using CASE (computer-aided software engineering) or fourth generation languages and everywhere in between. Many organizations use multiple prototyping tools. For example, some will use paper in the initial analysis to facilitate concrete user feedback and then later develop an operational prototype using fourth generation languages, such as Visual Basic, during the design stage (Mic hael and Mitzi, 2000). Some Advantages of Prototyping: Reduces development time. Reduces development costs. Requires user involvement. Developers receive quantifiable user feedback. Facilitates system implementation since users know what to expect. Results in higher user satisfaction. Exposes developers to potential future system enhancements (Gerri, 1999). Some Disadvantages of Prototyping Can lead to insufficient analysis. Users expect the performance of the ultimate system to be the same as the prototype. Developers can become too attached to their prototypes. Can cause systems to be left unfinished and/or implemented before they are ready. Sometimes leads to incomplete documentation. If sophisticated software prototypes (4th Generation Language or CASE (computer-aided software engineering) Tools) are employed, the time saving benefit of prototyping can be lost (Gerri, 1999). Because prototypes inherently increase the quality and amount of communication between the developer/analyst and the end user, its use has become widespread. In the early 1980s, organizations used prototyping approximately thirty percent (30%) of the time in development projects. By the early 1990s, its use had doubled to sixty percent (60%) (Juha, 2005). Although there are guidelines on when to use software prototyping. Prototyping will grow even bigger in the future especially in the UK as it will reduce time and cost and will help by pushing the economy as the new products will be available to consumers in lesser time. Time-Based Concurrent Engineering: Despite the fact that Japanese manufacturers have led the way in compressing time by speeding up product development, Toyotas unique adaptation of concurrent engineering appears a contradiction of universal thinking. Instead of pursuing design decisions as early as possible by marshalling the energies of all team members, Toyota uses a method best described as set-based concurrent engineering (Sotiris, 2005). Designers at Toyota work with sets of design alternatives instead of systematically carrying one basic idea through progressive iterations. The sets are gradually narrowed until a final solution is agreed upon. Toyota uses a relatively unstructured development process in which decisions are purposely delayed, so that suppliers are not provided with final specifications until very late in the process. Another unique aspect of the process is that numerous prototypes are built and evaluated. Many automobile industry experts feel that prototyping and subsequent testing are two phase s of the product development process that greatly extend cycle time. However, tile paradoxical system employed by Toyota is undoubtedly effective. Toyota is recognized as the world leader in fast and efficient development of vehicles (Sotiris, 2005). In general, Japanese companies have been ahead of almost everyone in adopting fast product development tactics. Some Japanese companies, however, found in the 1990s that despite committing more emphasis and capital to Time-Based Competition (TBC) strategies, they were not achieving competitive advantages, higher margins, and more profit (A. Al-shaab, et al., 2009). It was difficult to gain an advantage when every other company was employing the same strategy. Further, it appears the Japanese made their companies time-based in terms of efficiency, instead of embracing a more encompassing strategy. These Japanese firms failed to carry TBC beyond the initial phases of implementation. They neglected to recognize that TBC strategy is a constantly evolving exercise that must focus on the needs of customers. The lesson to be learned is that time compression is not a cure-all. Time reductions that are not tied to viable business strategies can dramatically reduce profits by unnecessarily inc reasing costs (A. Al-shaab, et al., 2009). One Japanese design and development methodology that helps enable quality planning throughout the concurrent engineering process is Quality Function Deployment (QFD). Unlike other quality methods originally developed in the West, the QFD methodology was born out of Total Quality Control (TQC) activities in Japan during the 1960s. Development was motivated by two issues [1]: how to design a new product that meets customer needs, and [2] the desire to provide QC process charts (control plan) to manufacturing before initial production (Nick, et al., 2002). The QFD methodology provides a structured framework for concurrent engineering that propagates the voice of the customer through all phases of product development. Concurrent-engineering is one of the best methods in developing a new product. It involves many small and big companies in contributing towards the product at the same time. The future of this method is great as it will involve more engineers and companies in producing the product, hence, it will reduce the time to produce a new product. Conclusion and Future of UK Product Development: The Japanese tend to recruit scientists primarily within basic research and if one compares Japan to the UK, the latter has many more people in basic research reflecting the concept of creativity in invention inherent in the British economy. Japan however has its focus and thus its advantage in applied research (A. Al-shaab, et al., 2009). Japanese manufacturing companies recruit far more engineers and integrate them across the whole company. When comparing the number of engineers in product development and design in the UK to those in Japan, the latter tends to actively invest and nurture more resources, and hence create better capability. If the Japanese manufacturers have strength in setting the trends in the market, the UK manufacturing industry has strength by following the governmental policies. The UK needs to invest more in engineers and make new products research easier to develop by given scientist less tougher rules by the government and much more funds and investment from both companies and the government. They also need to integrate more engineers in the manufacturing area so they could be in equal place with Japan.

Adapting to variable change in the market

Adapting to variable change in the market Adapting to change continuously is something thats very essential for an organization to survive and prosper into todays business environment.The focus of customer value is changing focus from product innovation to business innovation . Companies today need to evolve with customer needs, especially companies in the technology sector where innovation is fast paced and obsolescence is always around the corner .However trying to implement changes without adapting its strategy ,structure and processes to the change being implemented would almost surely lead to failure because a successful change needs to be a synergy of all the components /processes within the company. There are many companies which failed to capitalise on their success and lost out to their competitors over time because they were unable to successfully adapt themselves to the change . some of the examples of such stories are Canon , Nintendo and now Nokia ( Nintendo however managed to recover from the setback and that is something Nokia is looking to learn from/replicate) . Nintendo was the leader in gaming consoles till the years leading to 2000s but then Sony with it Playstation 2 took over the game and was the leader in gaming console but amongst the current generation of gaming consoles Nintendo has managed to recapture its position as the market leader with its offering the Nintendo Wii. Same was the case with Xerox , who was the leader in photocopier machines however it failed to evolve with the market and eventually lost out to Canon and Kodak and never manage to recapture its initial position of the market leader. The lesson to learn from the above cases is that being the market leader doesnt necessary guarantee you security from the environment , there is still a dire need to evolve with the market . infact the company at the front has to LEAD from the front . Changes the Source of Opportunities Innovation  is the weapon of choice for entrepreneurs.  Doing things in a different improved way or trying to do old things different is how organizations  leverage changes as a business opportunity. Innovation need to be approached systematically , with a watchful eye for changes and by looking for the opportunities that the company can capitalise on . In todays market innovation is the key driver towards success if the current success stories are anything to go by ranging from the iPhone to the Nintendo Wii.Companies look to knock out the competition by leading from the front . There are 2 trends that are successful and are popularly known as leap frog and second one is known as disruptive technology. The leapfrog strategy basically implies that you leap over the competition ,it might be developing new technologies or using a new business model to completely bypass the competition.The idea is as the name suggest to jump over the competition so that the competition . Disruptive technology is an innovation that disturbs the market forces. It basically refers to do innovations which improves on a product or service in a way not expected by the market , it typically could be by lowering the price or even offering a lower quality product which caters to a different customer segment such as in the case of Ryanair . Models of change management : There are a few models proposed for effective change management ,I will discuss a couple of them so that they can be leveraged to study the given case in a more analytical manner ,namely Kotters 8 step model and ADKAR model. Kotters 8 step model has the following steps: 1)a sense of urgency : for a change to occur there has to be a sense of urgency around the need for change .this help motivate other people so that you have more support you and help you build a sense of urgency . 2)form a powerful coalition: You have to make sure that the people around you believe in the change being necessary . This requires convincing key people in the organisation so you can garner their support and approval which helps you build momentum . For that you will need to find the non traditional /radical leaders ,people who are willing to adapt change and approach with an open mind . Once the coalition is formed , sense of urgency has to be continued and built upon . 3) create a vision for change : There would be many ideas/concepts for the change but the idea here is to link all of them so as to have a coherent vision for change providing a more holistic view of the change to occur and also a better understanding . This will the people around you understand your ideas better as well as help them help you better by having a better sense of your objectives. 4) communicate the vision : The vision needs to be communicated in a clear ,succinct manner on a frequent basis so it can compete with the other messages being broadcasted daily and stands out . 5)Take care of the obstacles : After all the above steps , it is highly likely that you will come across some obstacles maybe on an operational level or at a support level where you will have people questioning your ideas or resisting change , afterall its innate to every human to resist change as pointed out the only person who probably likes change is a wet baby. 6) create short term victories : the short terms victories as in positive feedback from the initial steps of change will help convince both the company and the support about the positive effects of the change being brought about . It will reaffirm the faith of your supporters as well as silence the critics . 7) build on your success: often many changes fail because victory is declared too early . Build on your initial success to keep up the momentum and see it through till the end . You should continuously be looking to make improvements. 8)ingrain the changes into the corporate culture : the changes need to be ingrained into the culture of the company to keep up the success else it will fail as soon as the processes and culture returns to its original state. So the change has to be maintained inorder to ensure long term success. The ADKAR model [Source: http://www.change-management.com/Tutorial-ADKAR-series-1.htm ] The ADKAR model What is change ? Change as per Websters dictionary is described as : To make something different in some particular way To replace with another To give a different direction , position etc And so on [Source : http://www.merriam-webster.com/ ] So what is change management  ? Change management can be defined in many different way but some of the best ones as per the KISS ( Keeping it short and simple ) are mentioned below  : The systematic approach and application of knowledge, tools and resources to deal with change. Change management means defining and adopting corporate strategies, structures, procedures and technologies to deal with changes in external conditions and the business environment. -SHRM Glossary of Human Resources Terms, www.shrm.org. Change management can be divided into three phases : Adapting to change Controlling the change /trying to manage it Effecting the change Successfully adapting to change is as crucial to the business world as it to the natural world , however in business the change is much more rapid and the pace at which an organization needs to adapt has to be much quicker than in the business world since the pace of change is also much quicker and the magnitude of change more extreme, so the change has to be well planned and well thought out to ensure maximum efficacy. Leading from the front [Source: http://www.gaebler.com/Leading-from-the-Front.htm] Leading from the front is a commonly used term in business jargon ,but if you stop and think about its exact meaning it can be interpreted in 2 ways: that you as a leader expect everyone else to follow the exact same route That you do whatever youve been asked to do ,exactly as per instructions Now these 2 interpretations may not seem that different at first but on deeper inspection it has to be realised that a person /organisation may only have x capacity or y resources and that these are the limitations of the organization. For e.g. no matter how many years or how many tournaments of golf you may have played in your life , its still next to impossible to be as good as Tiger Woods at golf because there are just some inherent resources which are at Tiger Woods disposal that you may not have such as a natural deep swing etc . so the second interpretation in most scenarios is the most feasible one on account of the fact that it takes into account the limitation factor. I will later extend on this argument to explain Nokias position in the current market . Leading from the front driven change Leading from the front driven change would imply going ahead and being a source of change . Instead of following a leader , you try and be the leader of that particular change .Its best explained with an example, like in case of Apple when they came up with the iPhone they went ahead and made the key differentiator to the be the user experience , they didnt go over board in the hardware war against Nokia instead they created a niche for themselves with the user experience . The key to the iPhone was the sheer simplicity and joy of using one , infact in terms of hardware Nokia was way ahead ,Nokia offered a camera of resolution of the magnitude of 5 megapixels with a xenon flash ( N82 announce 2007) as compared to a measly 2 mega pixel with no flash offered by the Apple iPhone first generation . There were a lot of similar points of comparison where in terms hardware Nokia was way ahead of the offering made by the Apple iPhone ( first generation ) and yet the Apple iPhone did really w ell despite being the companys first offering in the mobile phone market .( Apple sold 2,70,000 iPhones in first quarter and till Q1 2010 had sold over 42 million handsets put together)[Source : http://gorumors.com/crunchies/quarterly-breakup-of-iphone-sales/ ] What Apple did right was they didnt try and race ahead in the handset war against Nokia instead they formed a new class and started a new race where they were the leaders and now Nokia has to play catch up . Another example of such a story can be found in the gaming console wars between the 3 biggies of the industries : Nintendo , Microsoft and Sony. Nintendo , Sony and Microsoft each had their gaming console and while Microsoft and Sony were busy with their hardware wars for their Xbox and Playstation console in system in the mid 2005-2008 trying to outdo the other in terms of sheer processing power ,Nintendo decided to change game by concentrating on the gaming experience rather than the hardware specifications of the machine . What this resulted in was leading from the front driven change scenario . Nintendo lead from the front and while Microsoft and Sony were busy in their hardware specification war (which eventually escalated the prices of the consoles further up : eventually close to double the price of a Nintendo Wii ) came out with a gaming console which was so different (with the Wii stick ) that it actually has outsold both Xbox and Sony Playstation in the current generation of gaming consoles in terms of sales . As mentioned in the case this success story is something Nokia can learn from since Nintendo has been through a similar change of fortunes over the years, initially it was the leader, then it lost out to the play station and Xbox and then it recapitalised it position as the market leader in the current gaming console generation similar to what Nokia is planning on replicating through it new CEO.

Hester Essay -- essays research papers

Throughout the Rocking-Horse Winner†, Hester was overly materialistic, emotionally cold towards her children and in self-denial over her own faults. Hester had expensive tastes and she insisted in keeping up the latest style. The â€Å"expensive and splendid toys† that filled the nursery were more than the parents modest income could afford. Paul asked for an explanation of luck. Hester responded by saying â€Å"it’s what causes you to have money†, quickly making a connection between luck and wealth. And while she discovered she had a knack for sketching â€Å"furs and dress materials† she adored, making hundreds of pounds per year did not appease her elegant tastes, for it still wasn’t enough to keep up her extravagant lifestyle. When Hester found that she had mysteriously acquired five thousand pounds, she quickly asked for the whole sum at once. This money was not used to pay off the debts the household so sorely needed; it was used to purchase more cozy and unneeded items. The â€Å"sprays of mimosa and almond blossom† emanated from the home and was more pungent than before. Hester fe lt that her financial state couldn’t afford to buy a car but ironically she purchases tutors for Paul and expensive items for their home. While Hester fancied lavish items, she also strived to be prestigious and gain social stature. This stature was always hard to preserve for â€Å"there was never enough money†. Hester toiled to maintain her superior status and was willing to sacrifice her money to buy â€Å"iridescen...

Martin Luther King And Malcolm X Essay -- fight against segregation

Martin Luther King Jr. and Malcolm X had a common purpose for African Americans; justice and equality. Illustrated through their speeches, Martin Luther King Jr’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† and Malcolm X’s â€Å"Talk to Young African Americans†, the two did not share techniques or ideas. Yet both men had the support of millions and millions of people. One of the worlds best known advocates of non-violent social change strategies was Martin Luther King Jr. He synthesized ideals drawn from many different cultural traditions. The image of a social activist and leader was the result of extensive formal education, strong personal values and licit ethics. This excellence in leadership can be traced to his character, which is shaped by his moral values and personality. King believed in equality and peace for all races. â€Å"Black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholic, will be able to join hands† (King, 1963). King did not just focus on African American struggles, but for all races and creeds. King’s strategy was one of peace and embracing the oppressor. â€Å"The sons of slaves and the sons of former slave owners will be able to sit down at the table of brotherhood† (King 1963). He encourages his followers to remember that all people are God’s children and that hopefully one day all A mericans from all backgrounds can join together to sing "My country ‘tis of thee, Sweet land of liberty, of thee I sing†¦" Malcolm taught a message of self-help and personal responsibility. ...

Hunting is Necessary :: Morality of Hunting

Do animals have feelings? We may never know for sure, but for those of us who think they do, there are animal rights groups. For those of us who don’t think so, or just don’t care, there’s indifference and there’s hunting. The morality of sport and commercial hunting has been in question for centuries. I could open a economy size can of worms about fox hunting in England, whale hunting in Japan, and tiger hunting in Africa. I think it’s safe to say that most of us are supportive of protecting endangered species, but what about the plentiful fauna of Missouri? Chock full of birds, fish, deer, and rodents, should they be protected as well? In November of 1997, singer Fiona Apple teamed up with People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), to speak out against Butterball and their â€Å"How To Cook A Turkey Hotline†. â€Å"Please join me in calling Butterball,† implored Apple, â€Å"to tell them there is no proper way to kill and cook these beautiful birds.† Okay, so maybe you love animals but you’re not a vegetarian. The next question is about the affects of one killed or injured animal on many. Take deer for example. Many hunters claim that any deer that escapes from a hunt later returns to the herd without suffering any ill effects. Even if they don’t get away, there is no damage done to the population and the hunters have done nothing but their part in keeping populations to a healthy low. Apparently, according to the League Against Cruel Sports, this is entirely untrue. The babies that eventually die of starvation are lost along with their mothers. They also same that by the end of a long day of running for their life, the deer may have lost so much body heat that they succumb to hypothermia and pneumonia. Another cause of deer fatalities during hunting season is myopathy, which is due to the stress and over-exertion of a long pursuit. The lactic acid builds up, which causes extreme pain, it breaks down muscle tissue. Death finally comes, usually as a result of kidney failure. The organization’s website also lists a â€Å"pack of lies†. They are quotes which many have believed to be true but by scientific evidence and statistics, really aren’t. â€Å"Farmers currently tolerate deer on their farms and suffer consequent crop losses because the deer provide them with ‘sport’ as a compensation. Hunting is Necessary :: Morality of Hunting Do animals have feelings? We may never know for sure, but for those of us who think they do, there are animal rights groups. For those of us who don’t think so, or just don’t care, there’s indifference and there’s hunting. The morality of sport and commercial hunting has been in question for centuries. I could open a economy size can of worms about fox hunting in England, whale hunting in Japan, and tiger hunting in Africa. I think it’s safe to say that most of us are supportive of protecting endangered species, but what about the plentiful fauna of Missouri? Chock full of birds, fish, deer, and rodents, should they be protected as well? In November of 1997, singer Fiona Apple teamed up with People for the Ethical Treatment of Animals (PETA), to speak out against Butterball and their â€Å"How To Cook A Turkey Hotline†. â€Å"Please join me in calling Butterball,† implored Apple, â€Å"to tell them there is no proper way to kill and cook these beautiful birds.† Okay, so maybe you love animals but you’re not a vegetarian. The next question is about the affects of one killed or injured animal on many. Take deer for example. Many hunters claim that any deer that escapes from a hunt later returns to the herd without suffering any ill effects. Even if they don’t get away, there is no damage done to the population and the hunters have done nothing but their part in keeping populations to a healthy low. Apparently, according to the League Against Cruel Sports, this is entirely untrue. The babies that eventually die of starvation are lost along with their mothers. They also same that by the end of a long day of running for their life, the deer may have lost so much body heat that they succumb to hypothermia and pneumonia. Another cause of deer fatalities during hunting season is myopathy, which is due to the stress and over-exertion of a long pursuit. The lactic acid builds up, which causes extreme pain, it breaks down muscle tissue. Death finally comes, usually as a result of kidney failure. The organization’s website also lists a â€Å"pack of lies†. They are quotes which many have believed to be true but by scientific evidence and statistics, really aren’t. â€Å"Farmers currently tolerate deer on their farms and suffer consequent crop losses because the deer provide them with ‘sport’ as a compensation.

Lands’ End Case Study Essay

1. A) Lands’ End’s buying center most likely consists of Assurance Personnel and upper management because Lands’ End selects long term suppliers that will likely ha a significant effect on the future of the business and that decision can’t be left to inexperience members or members without authority or power in the company. B) Users would most likely be the package handling department since the products are simply bought and resold by Lands’ End and not actually used to produce. Influencers would most likely be the agents that search for the fabrics and materials to buy. Buyers would likely be management teams as they need to form long term contracts that would require someone of authority in the company. Deciders would most likely be the upper management that has the actual authority in the company to sign long term contracts. Gatekeeprs would most likely be the assurance personnel mentioned in the reading that they go to suppliers to gather the information. 2. A) Lands’ End does not need to go to problem recognition because they are constantly searching for new and better suppliers. Thus they would skip to Information search in which they scout the best possible suppliers around the world that are likely to produce high quality items or materials. Next they would use Alternative evaluation to see if there is a company that gives the same product at either a higher quality or better price. The purchasing decision would be made by the managers that handle new contracts. Then finally they would use Postpurchase behavior to consider the contracts they have made and consider their value and change them if need be. B) Price may not be necessary as the purchasers are customers of Lands’ End and they would decide if the item is a fair price. Ability to meet quality specifications would be very important as Lands’ End claims that they seek the highest quality items to sell. Ability to meet required delivery schedules is also very important as they need a guarantee that the items they will be selling will get to their customers in a timely matter. Technical capability is also important as Lands’ End is attempting to keep up with the technological advances in the future so they are not left behind. Warranties are necessary as Lands’ End claims they will return any item no matter what. Past performance on previous contracts is necessary as they buy by contracts and have long term suppliers. 3. New Buy- Lands’ End does not face new buy regularly as they generally focus and reselling, however a new buy for Lands’ End may be buying new delivery trucks from a truck building company. Or they may need storage thus they buy land and construct storage facilities on it. Straight Rebuy- This is the most common case in Lands’ End as they rebuy as they may just be buying more of an item from an existing supplier for items that are sold regularly such as materials and fabrics or duffle bags and such that they need to have in stock to continue selling. Modified rebuy- in this case, Lands’ End upper management would be involved in buying new contracts with suppliers.

Important of Education Essay

Education means considerably more than just teaching a student to read, write, and manipulate numbers. Computers, the Internet, and advanced electronic devices are becoming essential in everyday life and have changed the way information is gathered. How this new technology is utilized in the curriculum and managed by teachers will have an important role to play in widening the resource and knowledge base for all students. Technology affects the way teachers teach and students learn. To make the best use of information technology (IT), schools need a workable plan to fully integrate it into all aspects of the curriculum so students are taught how, why, and when to use technology to further enhance their learning. If a school does not have a clear plan of how and why it wishes to implement IT, then it runs the risk of wasting money. In schools today, nearly all classrooms have access to a computer. However, many schools mistake this as incorporating information technology into the curriculum. School staff need to research what IT is available and what would best serve the school’s purpose, not simply purchase the latest equipment. There should be a policy stating how IT is going to assist pupils’ development and what teachers want pupils to achieve (Reksten, 2000). Staff members need to be clear about what they want IT to do for them before they can start incorporating it into their lessons. The only way information technology is going to be useful to schools is if all staff members are well-informed and fully supported. It is the principal’s responsibility, and should be part of the school’s plan, to ensure that all staff are consulted about the changes, and that the change is carefully organised. Some teachers may be resistant, especially if they have not had much experience with computers, so training teachers is essential in implementing IT into the school curriculum. Staff members must feel involved in the process of acquiring technology, and in learning how to operate it, in order for them to increase their confidence in using IT as a curriculum tool. Teachers are only going to be able to incorporate IT into their lessons if they are competent users themselves (Reksten, 2000). In addition, teachers need to be aware that IT within the classroom is extremely flexible, but that they need to plan what purpose IT serves in each lesson. The skills a child learns are the important part of any lesson, and it is the same with technology. IT needs to be used and understood in all subjects in the same way as the ability to read is necessary for all subjects, and â€Å"must be used across the curriculum, in the same way that a pen and pencil are used in most subject areas† (Ager, 2000, p. 15). The best way to plan the use of IT in the classroom is to approach it as simply a learning tool that is more advanced (and more exciting) than the traditional pen and paper. It is vitally important for students to be taught the strategies for using IT. Children also need to be fully informed about the capabilities of IT before being asked to use it. Pupils should be aware that the contexts in which they use IT will change, and they need to know what the appropriate use of IT is and what is not. Whilst it is important that children learn to use IT effectively, teachers must emphasise that IT is not always suitable. According to Apter (1968), the danger is that the â€Å"computer dehumanizes people and inevitably leads them to act like machines themselves† (p. 58). Teachers must make sure they plan to use variety in their lessons. Too much IT instruction may be just as harmful to a child as not enough. The usefulness of IT in the classroom, as with any learning tool, depends on the innovation and imagination of the teacher. It is imperative, though, that the implementation of IT into a school is carefully planned. The current information explosion makes it essential that IT be used extensively within the classroom so children know how to use IT appropriately and effectively. Teachers must, therefore, be fully informed about what kinds of IT are available and whether or not they are appropriate for classroom use. School boards and teachers must therefore ensure that all staff have a clear plan about what they want their students to achieve through IT. The appropriate incorporation of IT into the classroom will broaden the minds and skills of students, allowing them to be better prepared for further technological advances.

An Argument for a SMART Board Grant

The support of this grant would pay for the purchase of a SMART Board Interactive Whiteboard on a nomadic floor base for the Pace University School of Education Department. The SMART Board allows professors to include and incorporate multimedia elements into lessons, such as pictures and synergistic presentations, as a consequence devising lessons and lectures more exciting. Students will be able to hear, see and take part with the information they are larning for that peculiar class. The SMART Board Interactive Whiteboard system comes with Notebook package. This package provides a assortment of tools to assist distinguish direction. By holding a SMART Board, professors and pupils are able to compose with a digital pen or with their finger, onto the SMART Board screen. Files from Notebook can be saved in different formats, printed, emailed or posted ; hence, giving pupils complete entree to class stuffs. Basically, anything that can be done on computing machines can be improved by holding a SMART Board available. In the simple and secondary degrees, instructors are invariably seeking to make lessons and activities that meet the demands of all scholars. I think that at the high instruction degree, this mentality gets lost. The bulk of classs are lecture based with essays and written scrutinies. Because of this set up, I feel that college pupils loose their love of acquisition and attending and engagement in classs begin to drop. If a pupil was a ocular scholar in high school, he will still be a ocular scholar during college. The synergistic whiteboard caters to all different scholars because it incorporates images, sounds and stimulations. Students are able to see, hear and interact with what they are larning. Pace University needs more engineering. Pace University has been looking for ways to increase their enrollment Numberss, every bit good as keeping rates. Installing and absorbing engineering onto their campuses could be merely one factor in carry throughing those undertakings. As a former Pace University pupil embassador and representative, I was invariably asked inquiries about the types of engineering that are in the schoolrooms and what pupils are being exposed to. By holding synergistic SMART Boards on campus, I think these inquiries would be eliminated because you can physically see them. Pace University besides has an full school dedicated to Computer Science and Information Systems. I feel that by holding engineering seen in the schoolroom, will besides nicely reflect the impact of that single school on campus. The pupils at Pace University would profit from the purchase of an synergistic whiteboard in a assortment of ways. Students will look at go toing category as something exciting. Students will besides derive a better apprehension of the course of study and constructs being taught, due to the mixture of tools and resources that the SMART Board has that can be incorporated into lessons. Pace University, itself, would profit from holding SMART Boards in campus because pupils will be working on their communicating and engineering accomplishments for the twenty-first century, hence dividing themselves from alumnuss from other colleges and universities. Pace University ‘s slogan is â€Å" Work toward Greatness † . I believe that by incorporating the usage of an synergistic whiteboard into different classs that Pace has to offer its pupils, professors will animate their pupils more. The Pace University School of Education ‘s slogan is â€Å" Making brooding practicians who promote justness, create lovingness schoolrooms and school communities and enable all pupils to be successful scholars. † I believe that the pupils within this school, specifically, will profit enormously from the synergistic whiteboard. They will be exposed to a new engineering that is widely being used in schools all throughout the United States. Students will be able to hold an unfastened head when it comes to engineering and integrating in simple and high schools. Not fiting these pupils with these accomplishments would be harmful to their well-being. Today ‘s universe is filled with different types of engineering, from cell phon es to IPads. Students are invariably surrounded with engineering throughout their day-to-day lives, which merely makes sense to hold that same engineering go a portion of their instruction.2. Aim3. Activity4. MeasurementTo enrich and better Pace University ‘s plans and set of classs through synergistic engineering and engineering integrating. To promote pupils to be independent critical minds and booming scholars at the collegiate degree. To increase pupil motive, engagement, accomplishment and success. To hold pupils program and behavior research, work out jobs and do informed determinations utilizing appropriate digital tools and resources. To hold â€Å" future instructors † become educated on a company and engineerings that is on a regular basis being used in school territories soon. To distinguish direction for all pupils. To use the assigned class clip in the most effectual manner possible. Assign web pursuits: Students will be encouraged to utilize Pace University ‘s resources from the library, databases and dependable beginnings from the Internet. Students will utilize the research and engineering available to them to assist them decode jobs and answer inquiries. Synergistic lessons: Students will actively prosecute within the lessons. Students will acquire out of their seats to take part and foster their acquisition. Videos/Lectures: Teachers can implant videos cartridge holders that demonstrate the same constructs that are being taught in their class. Teachers can enter notes from the class, salvage them and post/email them to pupils. Virtual Field Trips: Teachers can take their pupils on a trip during their assigned class allotted clip. Presentations: Students can show their undertakings utilizing the SMART Board in several ways: making a NoteBook file, digitally making it, entering their voices, etc. Exams/Reviews: Teachers can make games/activities that can assist the pupils review constructs for scrutinies. Teachers can make scrutinies on the SMART Board. Workshop Session: Provide pupils with the chance to larn how to really utilize the SMART Board. Students will be able to utilize the cognition gained in their field arrangements and future occupations. Pre-course study: Conducted on the first twenty-four hours, inquiring pupils about their involvement in the class, anticipations of their engagement throughout the class, class and terminal of class experience. Post-course study: Conducted on last twenty-four hours, inquiring pupils about their apprehension of the class stuff, if they were successful in the class, if they enjoyed the class, would they urge the class and impact of engineering used in the class. Informal appraisals: Teacher observation, pupil diary entries/blogs on the subject of usage of the SMART Board. Formal appraisals: Lessons/lectures/activities can be video taped. Samples: Student work samples will be saved to be included in a portfolio. Attendance Preparation Engagement Behavior

Extrinsic Element (Mutual Friend)

Charles Dickens was born in 1812 in Portsmouth, Hampshire, England, to John and Elizabeth Barrow Dickens. The second of eight children, Dickens spent his childhood on the southern coast of England, where he attended a good school until the age of eleven. The family then moved to London and shortly thereafter his father was sent to debtor's prison. Young Charles went to work in a blacking warehouse and was forced to live on his own in cheap lodgings in a state of near starvation. Although he was soon rescued by his father and sent to school in London, the brief period of abandonment and uncertainty affected his life and his writings for years to come. Dickens did not attend college but was admitted as a reader to the library of the British Museum, where he immersed himself in the study of great literature, particularly Shakespeare. He worked for some time as a clerk, as a shorthand reporter, and eventually as a news reporter for the Morning Chronicle, a position which required him to travel all over the country. Career Dickens's first success, both critical and popular, was Sketches by Boz (1836), a series of short pieces on life in London. His first novel, Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club (1837), was published, as were all of his novels, in serial form, and by the time the fourth monthly installment was issued, Dickens was the most popular author in England. His writing, once full of hope and optimism, grew increasingly pessimistic as he aged, with ima ges of decay and corruption dominating the later works. Our Mutual Friend was his last completed novel; with its images of dustheaps and death, it is widely considered one of the author's darkest visions. In 1870, while working on The Mystery of Edwin Drood, Dickens suffered an aneurysm in the brain and died the next day. He was buried in the Poet's Corner of Westminster Abbey. – Dickens’ Works Over the next thirty years, he continued to publish successful novels, among them: Oliver Twist (1838), A Christmas Carol In Prose (1843), The Personal History of David Copperfield (1850), Bleak House (1853), Hard Times for These Hard Times (1854), A Tale of Two Cities (1859), and Great Expectations 1861). – View Charles Dickens distaste for the upper class and his strong interest in social reform is very evident in all of his writings. Throughout his life, he continually worked on writing novels that reflected his own view of the social classes. Dickens writes his characters of the lower social class to have more value than the aristocrats that in his own view he has grown to despise B. SOCIOLOGICAL ASPECTS World view: most people in england in the middle of 19th century did not have money. They could not become ladies and gentlemen. They were the working class. Some working class people, like Bradley Headstone and Charley Hexam wanted to do better in life. – Economy: England in the middle of 19th century grew wealthy. Many people suddenly became rich. People who have money could become part of Society. Society people were known as ladies and gentlemen.